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↑ Carboneras Carles (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). Trong: del Hoyo Josep; Elliott Andrew & Sargatal Jordi (chủ biên): Handbook of Birds of the World (Quyển 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 536-629. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
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↑ Burney David A.; James Helen F.; Burney Lida Pigott; Olson Storrs L.; Kikuchi William; Wagner Warren L.; Burney Mara; McCloskey Deirdre; Kikuchi Delores; Grady Frederick V.; Gage Reginald II & Nishek Robert (2001): Fossil Evidence for a Diverse Biota from Kauaʻi and Its Transformation since Human Arrival. Ecological Monographs 71(4): 615-641. doi:10.2307/3100038
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